I don't remember Adam's exact line, but couldn't he have meant that they "couldn't kill him" because they still needed him for something? Like that they wanted access to his blood for its curative properties or something?
It
is possible that he's just become such a Badass Regenerator because of how long he's had to master it that he's way beyond Claire and Peter, I suppose. Any way, how would he
know he couldn't heal it? Obviously he couldn't have tested it on himself. Unless he's encountered other Regenerators during his time.
Also: we know Claire and Peter can regenerate from brain injuries as long nothing is stuck in there. Claire had that stick and Peter had that shard of glass. But we also know that Claire would've been Dead For Reals if Sylar had eaten her brain...
...I think that it's probably best to just go with
Bellisario's Maxim on this one, guys. Just like with comic books--Deadpool can regenerate as much as (and no more than) the current writer needs him to. Claire, Peter, and Adam are the same.